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Showing posts with label critical thinking. Show all posts
Showing posts with label critical thinking. Show all posts

An a priori rejection of miracles?


I uploaded a short Youtube video (rather than writing a blog post) concerning miracles.

Here's the video description:
Do atheists/skeptics/secularists have an a priori rejection -- one before any sort of experience of investigation -- of miracle claims? If so, is this justified? Is this a bad thing? How do 'believers' of all stripes justifiably jump from "I don't know/I can't explain this" to "it's a miracle" ...and then ascribe the miracle to a specific source? I'm willing to accept miracle explanations if given good reasons, but what I have heard so far has been very insufficient.

Full audio and some text from my HACS talk


On July 17 of 2012, I appeared as a special guest for a philosophy class titled "Atheism and the New Atheism" for students at Holy Apostles College and Seminary - an evangelical Catholic university in Connecticut. More details are here. I delivered an opening speech and participated in a question and answer session which followed. The entire event lasted one hour and thirteen minutes.

As promised, the full audio of the event was released and has been made available to the public thanks to Dr. Mahfood. Stream the audio here or download the ZIP file here. The audio is unfortunately spotty at points. I may release a re-mastered version of the audio at a later date.

A text version of my speech can be read here:
Holy Apostles College and Seminary Atheism and New Atheism Speech

Timestamps:
     (0:00 - 0:25)          Introduction by Dr. Mahfood
     (0:25 - 0:47)          Opening prayer by Dr. Chervin
     (0:48 - 1:50)          Introduction of Justin Vacula by Dr. Mahfood
     (1:50 - 17:50)        Opening speech from Justin Vacula
     (17:51 - end)          Question and answer session

Some of the questions and sentiments (paraphrased) in the question and answer session:
(18:13) Do you use science to determine what is true and false?
(20:33) What good reasons would be sufficient [for you to believe in God]?
(23:30) Do you only believe in something when all the contrary arguments have been resolved?
(27:06) Is there an objective standard for belief or do you have a personal standard?
(29:08) Do you believe something can be universally true?
(30:16) Are you dogmatically opposed, given your commitment to naturalism, to supernatural explanations?
(37:20) Would a supernatural experience lead you to belief in God?
(39:00) Are you looking for hard evidence to believe in God?
(40:52) What about faith?
(42:05) Discussion about the problem of natural evil and omni-attributes
(46:55) Theodicy: This is a fallen world/God's goodness was evident, but is no longer
(49:20) Theodicy: There is a good that supersedes an evil world. Perhaps suffering leads to good beyond   this earth? Perhaps suffering is just a prelude to the afterlife?  
(52:00) Theodicy: Evil serves a purpose. We see examples in this world in which suffering is required to achieve certain ends.
(54:00) Omni-attributes seem to be a different matter from God existing.
(55:48) Are you an agnostic?
(59:40) Theodicy: Eternal happiness, in light of limited suffering in this world, seems not to be a problem.
(1:01:43) What about metaphysical arguments for God's existence?
(1:04:00) Your philosophical studies seem to start with the Enlightenment. What about before that?
(1:10:45) How do you know that your reason without faith fulfills you?

My Twitter conversation with Rebecca Watson...and much more


Above are screen captures from Twitter in which I was responding to a conversation dealing with issues relating to Rebecca Watson failing to attend The Amazing Meeting because, in her own words, she was "called out as a problem" by D.J. Grothe [this post isn't about the merits of this evaluation, but I will assume it is true later in the post for sake of argument]. I proposed a hypothetical in my limited tweet to gauge what Rebecca Watson's response would be...and this was indicative of me, on Watson's account, telling her "what's best for [her] mental well-being." In this post, I will discuss the controversy surrounding sexual harassment and the discussion of such in addition to discussion of the above screen capture. I will also pursue and suggest options and attitudes, rather than failing to attend conventions, that atheists/skeptics can pursue. 


If you've been paying attention to my Facebook profile, Twitter feed, or the 'atheist/skeptic blogosphere,' you're likely aware that there have been many problems surrounding sexual harassment at atheist/skeptic conventions and the discussion surrounding said sexual harassment. To make a long story short and to avoid an extensive string of quoting people quoting people quoting people quoting people, D.J. Grothe -- the president of the James Randi Educational Foundation -- typed the following,
…this year only about 18% of TAM registrants so far are women, a significant and alarming decrease, and judging from dozens of emails we have received from women on our lists, this may be due to the messaging that some women receive from various quarters that going to TAM or other similar conferences means they will be accosted or harassed…I think this misinformation results from irresponsible messaging coming from a small number of prominent and well-meaning women skeptics who, in trying to help correct real problems of sexism in skepticism, actually and rather clumsily themselves help create a climate where women — who otherwise wouldn’t — end up feeling unwelcome and unsafe, and I find that unfortunate.
Following this comment and various others, Rebecca Watson -- shown above in the Twitter screen capture -- wrote a lengthy post titled "Why I won't be at TAM this year" in which she wrote, among other things (read the post itself for full details),
So it’s odd for me to be announcing that I will not attend TAM this year, because I do not feel welcomed or safe and I disagree strongly with the recent actions of the JREF president, DJ Grothe.
DJ was blaming women skeptics for creating an unwelcoming environment. I found that claim astonishing, since I was only aware of women speaking frankly about their own experiences and their own feelings. I couldn’t imagine that DJ would be literally blaming the victim for speaking out.  
Watson continued,
This is quite obviously not a safe space for me or for other women who want to be free of the gendered slurs and sexual threats and come-ons we experience in our day-to-day lives. But apparently, DJ thinks I am lying about that, since apparently my feeling that the freethought community is not a safe space is “misinformation.” I should apparently put on a smile and pretend it doesn’t happen, because by reporting on my treatment, I am creating “a climate where women — who otherwise wouldn’t — end up feeling unwelcome and unsafe.” 
DJ says I am the one doing that. Me, who has never discouraged people from attending TAM and in fact has given thousands of dollars to the JREF in order to send more and more women to the event. Me, who has never said that TAM is a dangerous place for women. I’m the problem.
Let's grant, for sake of argument, that Rebecca Watson's evaluation of the situation (that she is indeed being blamed by Grothe, atheist/skeptic conventions are not safe spaces, and that her interpretation of Grothe's comments is accurate) is a flawless interpretation. Should this, though, be a good reason for Rebecca Watson (and other female or even male skeptics) to fail to attend atheist/skeptic conventions? Do better options exist?

It should be quite uncontroversial to assert that there is disagreement -- ranging from minor to severe -- amongst individuals in the atheist/skeptic community. Some might not like person a's 'friendly approach' and believe that person z's focus on church/state issues is misplaced. Some, for example, might not like the tactics or comments of organization b...or perhaps might not be a fan of organization b's staff. Person c may similarly repulse some people for various reasons. Perhaps some people might not like the comments of person d. Maybe it's the case that people view atheist/skeptic speakers as 'too militant' and claim that their strategies are counter-intuitive. Maybe it's the case that people view atheist/skeptic speakers as 'too accomodating' and claim that their strategies are counter-intuitive. Whatever. One can't be happy with all of the organizers, leaders, representatives, etc. in the atheist/skeptic movement and might even have serious disagreements with some particular individuals or organizations ranging from what one construes as personal attacks to minor disagreements about focus...so should an effective response, then, be to pull support from a convention in whatever manner one elects?

In an attempt to see if Rebecca Watson's logic -- not attending a convention because, as her chief complaint seems to be, she has an extreme disagreement with one of the convention's organizers -- should be applied for everyone or anyone in cases in which there is an extreme disagreement or when one has been told -- as I noted -- 'really shitty things,' I sent a Tweet to her with a hypothetical statement reading, "I've been told really shitty things from rep's of an atheist organization. Should I also not go to those cons?" Her reply was, "Like seriously, what gave you the right to tell me what's best for my mental well-being? Fuck that." 

Admittedly, I didn't have high hopes of a genuine conversation [one in which both persons are open to discussion, receptive of criticism, willing to 'step back' and self-reflect when faced with objections] coming from Watson because my attempt in the past to express skepticism with her reasoning* did not yield a genuine conversation on her behalf, but rather led to her distorting what I was saying, levying personal attacks, and similarly employing 'mind reading tactics.' I felt it, though, necessary to express skepticism in this case because the situation has gotten really out of hand from many 'sides.'

It should be quite apparent that Watson didn't answer my question posed in the above tweet and distorted what I was saying. It also seems to be the case that she was employing 'mind reading tactics' in which she was attempting to gauge my intentions (on her account, my telling her what is best for her mental well-being) when all she had to work with was a simple tweet with less than 200 characters (and, to be fair, I've commented on the issue before, but in no instance was I 'telling her what is best for her mental well-being'). I  failed to receive a 'yes,' 'no,' or some commentary that seemed to address my question, but rather was met with Watson implying that I am telling her how to feel [and strangely questioning my 'right' (whatever that means) to express skepticism. I have no idea what this means because I obviously don't lack the ability to type something and I don't find any good reason to suggest that my expressing skepticism is an improper invasive thing to do especially considering it seems to be the case that Watson is publicly claiming Grothe (although by using sarcasm) is suggesting she 'put on a smile' and not talk about sexual harassment].

Watson, by the available evidence (although admittedly limited although perhaps sufficient enough to draw conclusions) seemed to have a previously-held bias when encountering criticism of those who question her; instead of being open to the possibility of people engaging on an honest inquiry, she assumed that those who disagree with her or express skepticism have malicious intentions in which they are expressing what is best for her mental well-being (and know what is best for others) or -- more simply -- telling her how to feel. Watson apparently, at least in this case, is assuming that disagreement people express is an attack and a suggestion that other people know what is best for her. The abilities to self-reflect and challenge one's ideas quite unfortunately seem to be lacking in this situation...and that's quite interesting because I have written at length about how people I have encountered or have encountered my work -- often closed-minded theists -- construe disagreement as disrespect and an attack on one's character while jumping to wild conclusions about the intentions of others.

Criticism of Watson's ideas, it seems, at least in this situation, is out-of-bounds, impermissible, and automatically means that people who are raising objections are telling others how to feel. Of course it can't possibly be the case that someone sees a flaw with her reasoning, poses a reductio ad absurdum to help her perhaps discover this flaw, wants to express some skepticism to better understand her position, or perhaps wants to pose a defeater to a certain course of action (I can use sarcasm, too). 

--

Simply put, if the correct or advisable course of action (such that Watson is taking) -- when following extreme disagreement with someone involved with a convention -- is to stay home and refuse to attend [and many women would be justified in responding similarly], convention attendance would go sharply down, less women would be represented at atheist/skeptic conventions (isn't this the goal?), less new convention attendees come out, less community building is possible, etc. Other options -- and better options -- exist.

Amidst the entire discussion about sexual harassment at conventions, one should assume (and quite uncontroversially so), that sexual harassment happens at conventions (much of it, I would wager, being unreported) and that certain 'creepers' exist. Said 'creepers' exist in the skeptic community and -- no matter how much education -- people are going to behave really poorly. It's obviously the case that some people -- whether the situation is a gaming, atheist, skeptic, or science convention -- are going to behave poorly/that incidents are going to happen and, if they don't happen, there's a chance that they will - this is an assumed danger for mostly all people. A better response, then, it seems -- or at least some ideas I and others have -- should be proactive behavior such as staying in groups with friends, being vigilant and unafraid to confront harassers, remove yourself from hostile or unwelcome situations, notifying security/convention organizers of problems, and pressing (and rightfully so) convention organizers to have firm policies and make sure to keep records of complaints.

I additionally wonder...if Watson's prime reason for not attending TAM is, as it seems to be, extreme disagreement with someone who plays a major role in a convention, would people be similarly justified in failing to attend [and perhaps even encouraging others to not attend] conventions in which Watson has a major role? Should people sit home and fail to attend conventions in which Watson is a part of because they have extreme disagreements with her? It's obviously the case that I have extreme disagreements with Watson (on this issue and many more), but should my course of action -- in light of the extreme disagreement -- be to have nothing to do with conventions in which she plays a major role? I think not. If you similarly think not, why should Watson's reasoning be justified/an appropriate reaction?

To perhaps 'test' this, I asked Watson if I should stay home and refuse to attend conventions because I disliked the comments of, as I proposed, Lawrence Krauss (and this is the case because of his outright dismissal of philosophy and philosophers at American Atheists' 2012 convention although he later clarified following a wide deal of criticism). Her response, not addressing my question, was "Yah, remember that time you gave Lawrence Krauss $10k & then he called you out as a problem? That was rough." Perhaps Watson's disagreement with Grothe is made more severe in light of, as she says, a donation of $10,000 dollars [and in previous instances a high level of support for Grothe's initiatives]? This is interesting to consider. I responded writing, "Would the situation really be so much different if you hadn't contributed 10k? Wouldn't you similarly be upset." To that, I got no response...and ended up -- as it seems -- being blocked by Watson on Twitter.



As sexual harassment continues to be a problem and individuals continue to disagree with leaders in the skeptic/atheist movement, the response of failing to attend conventions (and seemingly discouraging others to attend) doesn't appear to be a proper response. Interestingly enough, failing to attend conventions when one was previously likely to attend seems to -- as was initially the point of contention -- make the problem of women being lowly represented at conventions worse - and it's not because Watson spoke up about harassment, but rather how she handled the situation when other what seem to be more viable and effective options/responses exist for her to deal with conflict, harassment, and problems in the atheist/skeptic community (especially considering she has such big platform/audience). Although I don't have the financial means to do so at the moment (and because of some other considerations preventing my participation), I would love to attend TAM ... and also participate in other conventions with people in the skeptic/atheist community although I might have severe disagreements with people who play major roles in them. I can perhaps tolerate others' behavior, perhaps be angry and ignore, and/or simply realize that there exist people with whom I have severe disagreements while also understanding said people reach particular people and do a tremendous amount of good (even considering some instances of bad) for society. 







This wouldn't be the first time in which Rebecca Watson failed to engage in a fair discussion. In the past -- when I expressed skepticism about a claim made by Rebecca Watson and talked about by many others in the atheist/skeptic community -- it seemed that my efforts were a waste of time; I gained no insight, commenters who responded to me didn't really seem to answer what I was saying, and Rebecca Watson didn't seem to be willing to have a thoughtful discussion that was a charitable reading of my comments. ...and in this case, we weren't limited to short tweets...and there was an extended conversation. When I voiced skepticism about the general assertion that a poll with five men is indicative of a sexist pollmaker or otherwise an instance of someone 'forgetting about women,' I was told that I have a 'pretty sad problem' and that 'I couldn't think of a single woman.' Later clarification of the 'I couldn't think of a single woman' phrase were followed with 'I decided not to,' that I 'didn't know women were half of the population,' and what seemed to be threats of banning because of my "evasion and general thick-headedness." Following me stating lack of a woman in a poll of five persons doesn't seem to be a huge problem because of the small size of the poll, Watson claimed that I believe there should be 25 men on a poll before one woman was included.

NEPA Freethought Society Podcast Episode 12 - Practical Strategies to Combat Faith - with Dr. Peter Boghossian


NEPA Freethought Socieity Podcast albumn cover

Episode 12 of the NEPA Freethought Society Podcast is now available! Below is information copied directly from the podcast's page:

Podcast Topic:

The episode – largely a discussion between Dr. Boghossian and the podcast's host Justin Vacula – covers three interrelated topics: what religious faith means and why it is, as Boghossian calls it, a cognitive sickness and pretending to know something you don't know; how all types of people can effectively engage persons of faith; and how individuals can be effective agents of change in the secular movement and beyond.

Cast:
Justin Vacula (Podcast Host, Co-Organizer, Spokesperson, and a Board Member)
Jason Gogola (Producer, Web Director, and a Board Member)

If you wish to ask a question or comment on this podcast please send your email to podcast@nepafreethought.org 

About Dr. Peter Boghossian: 
Dr. Peter Boghossian is a faculty member of the Philosophy Department at Portland State University in Portland, Oregon. He has been called the Christopher Hitchens of the Northwest, has published various controversial articles, given even more controversial public lectures, and is an outspoken critic of faith. Peter’s podcasts, and lectures are free to download from Philosophy News. You can follow Peter on Twitter @peterboghossian.

Mentioned in the Podcast:
The Skeptics Society and Skeptic Magazine
Michael Shermer's “Why People Believe Weird Things”
Richard Dawkins Foundation for Reason and Science
Richard Dawkins' “Viruses of the Mind”
Sean Faircloth's “Attack of the Theocrats”
Sam Harris' Project Reason
Daniel Dennett's “Breaking the Spell”
Center for Inquiry
Dutch symphonic metal band Epica
Star Trek: The Next Generation “Who Watches the Watchers”
Malcontent's Gambit Podcast
“The Internet: Where religions come to die” [Thunderf00t]

Music used in podcast:
Artist: Elliot Smith
Song: Pitseleh 
Lyrics highlighted: 
You say that God makes problems just to see what you can stand before you do as the devil pleases. Give up the thing you love. No one deserves it.

Pastor Worley or 'Pastor' Worley?

                                                          (Pastor Charles Worley)

Readers of this post are likely aware of a pastor from Providence Road Baptist Church who proposed that "lesbians, queers, and homosexuals" ought to be rounded up and placed inside of an electric fence along with other nonsense. This, of course, won't be the first post mentioning this...and I am not going to talk about why his remarks are ridiculous because that should be quite obvious. Something less obvious, though, which will relate to the topic of this post, is what qualifies one as being a Christian. To my amazement, some friends on my Facebook page -- including many LGBT persons, LGBT allies, and atheists -- seem to be quite confused about this and have asserted, instead of or perhaps in addition to Christians who might often employ this tactic, that Pastor Worley isn't a 'real Christian.' He is a 'so-called pastor,' a 'pastor,' and someone who shouldn't be 'honored' with the title of pastor.

What is often referred to as the 'No True Scotsman' fallacy seems to be well understood by many secular people [who are often fast to note this when Christians try to insist that people who behave badly are not 'one of them']. When the phrase 'No True Scotsman' is used in relation to Christians, people are asserting that something other than thoughts, behavior, or criminal history designates a person as a Christian.  In the case of priests who sexually abuse children, for example, abusing children doesn't disqualify one from being a Christian. The priest might later be defrocked or excommunicated (fat chance, unfortunately), but this doesn't seem to rightly disqualify this person from being a Christian. Cries of "A Christian would never abuse a child" or "That person is a fake Christian" should not be taken seriously.

What, then, does it mean when one professes to be a Christian? Admittedly, this is a difficult question because there is a great deal of disagreement amongst priests, theologians, laypersons, different churches, and so much more. Might belief that an all-powerful, all-good, and all-knowing god who created the universe and wants to have a personal relationship with humans be a 'minimal' phrase of sorts lump on in the 'Christian' camp? Not so, it seems, when academic theists (and non-academics) seem to often see Christianity and the Bible as a 'human drama story' that, if taken literally and not metaphorically, really loses a great deal of its message. ...and what's that message? Is it "fear and obey God?" Is Christianity mainly about how to lead a good life and be a good person? Is the message to love your neighbor? Does one person have a monopoly on the message? What about authorial intent? As we see, this is quite a complex issue.

While it might be difficult to come to a conclusion (if one even exists) about what qualifies one as a Christian or what the message of Christianity is, it might be much easier to declare that bad behavior doesn't disqualify one as being a Christian...or that ethics and religion is often an incidental affair. It should be quite obvious to theists and atheists that all sorts of religious and non-religious people behave well and behave poorly. Many people might be inspired by a certain ethical code, religion, religious leader, or secular person and may derive their morality from any combination of these.

Should, then, the title of pastor be a title that is coupled with an assumption of 'this person is an upstanding ethical individual?' Doing so seems to be very dangerous and may reinforce any or all of the following myths: faith makes a person moral, pastors are better qualified to make ethical statements than non-pastors, all religious leaders are upstanding moral people, and non-religious people are immoral. Some pastors, of course, are upstanding ethical individuals [although we can quibble about whether reinforcing religious beliefs in laypeople, as may often be the case, is indicative of an upstanding moral individual] and some are not.

The next time a Christian religious leader [or any other religious leader] says something terrible or behaves poorly, don't put quotes around a title, call the person a 'so-called pastor,' or insist that the person isn't a 'real Christian.' Let us not, as it seems that this can be the case whether intentionally or not, couple faith with morality.

Reframing the conversation: Theism, atheism, and more



This post should be the first in a series of a general 'umbrella topic' of "Reframing the Discussion." I hope to talk more about this topic in future posts, podcast episodes, and speeches dealing with the sub-topics of how to be a better communicator, engage in a genuine conversation, and change perspective of how people view disagreement and discussion in order to encourage others to view disagreement and discussion as a positive 'thing.'

In previous months -- and especially following a wonderful discussion I had with philosopher Peter Boghossian (discussion is now available here) -- I have been really interested in the general topic of how a person can effectively communicate with others and what -- if there is an 'answer' -- is the 'best way' to engage a person whom one happens to disagree with whether a discussion is regarding what one considers a 'heated topic' or something as non-controversial (or what one would think would be non-controversial) as how science informs philosophy/how philosophy informs science. I don't think there is just one way to be an effective communicator...but I also don't think that any given way of communicating messages to others is permissible simply because there is not just one way to be an effective communicator; some methods of communicating can rightly be labeled as ineffective.

Every so often, 'turf wars' of sorts are present in the secular community in which people argue that since -- as some assume -- people can't or won't 'change their minds' on some issues, people should have no problems or moral qualms about flat-out insulting theists, attacking individuals with clear malice, and dropping any intentions of education. [Education, though, admittedly ought not always be the overt or latent goal because satire, blasphemy, etc. may be appropriate in many cases...] Theists will likewise be uncharitable to secular individuals; it works both ways (as some commonly say "There are asses in both camps.") I note this as a rationale for authoring this post in which I will use an encounter I had with two people today -- regarding a topic totally unrelated to secularism or theism -- to illustrate some points and later return to issues of atheism and theism later in this post.


Earlier today while I was waiting for a bus to arrive, I heard a woman openly talking about how she is upset because she, on her account, had to quit a job she had (assisting disabled persons in an assisted living facility) because the hourly pay was too low leading to her -- instead of working in a field or a place of employment she wanted to work in -- working in a field she was not interested in.

I responded to her expressing a concern and said, at one point, that it is too bad that persons in helping professions often get paid very little compared to some persons in other professions. Soon after I said this, an elderly man interjected and asked me if I was "for socialism." I said, "Excuse me?" (because I didn't understand why he said that) and asked him to clarify what he meant by that. Instead of responding to my question and having what I consider to be a fruitful conversation, he continued saying, "I made 40 [dollars] an hour before I retired. Did I make too much money?" Once again, I asked him to clarify what he was saying...and the man simply walked away.

As you might have thought (or might have been lead to believe because the lead-in to the previous paragraph), this is not a good way to express disagreement with someone or have a conversation. From the looks of it, it seems that this man wasn't interested in actually learning something about my position, understanding my position, or having a discussion. Instead, the man seemed to have jumped to conclusions, distorted my reasoning (without even, of course, identifying what it was), and just 'pulled a hit-and-run'.


A productive way to start a conversation, before jumping to conclusions about a position one might endorse or what a person believes, is to ask some questions. In this case, questions like a very general and elementary introduction to a conversation would be "Why do you think people in helping professions should earn more money?" and "Do you believe that all workers should earn roughly the same amount of money?" [attempts to gauge what a person believes by directly identifying what one thinks the person believes]

Following these questions, I would be able to identify my position, learn something this man believes, the man could learn something I believe, and so much more. Reflection on an issue like this (and so many others) might be very valuable because humans have blind spots, people may introduce something a person hasn't thought of, and -- quite optimistically -- we can both work toward reaching justified true beliefs (or perhaps something like that).

Returning to the secular/theist angle...if persons enter conversations viewing conversations as learning opportunities or opportunities to educate and have the intention for the 'other' to walk away with a positive impression of someone whom they disagree with [rather than having someone walk away even more 'polarized'], both 'camps' can learn much about being effective communicators in, as I call it, 'reframing the discussion.' Two indications of being a critical thinker -- no matter how smart someone is or no matter how confident a person may be about the beliefs they hold -- are a willingness to consider others' points of view and engage in discussions with people with whom they disagree.

Like it or not (and you should like it), there is much that secular individuals can learn from theists. Theists are not, as some unfortunately seem to caricature all too often, people who can add nothing to conversations about even religion because their theological assumptions are unwarranted (although, as most theists and atheists reading this would likely agree, people like Pat Robertson -- for instance -- seem to show a tremendous disregard for truth and say really stupid things regarding certain topics).

I will admit, when I first considered myself to be an atheist, I was filled with too much unwarranted confidence without experience and deep reflection [at least compared to where I am at now] and my approach was pretty shitty. After much engagement with academic theists, more investigation of 'better arguments' (as opposed to arguments that even academic theists consider to be quite silly and, to borrow a phrase I have heard from some, 'infantile'), and some fruitful discussion with lay theists, I consider myself to be a much more learned individual and a more effective communicator. There is also thankfully still much more to learn!

Reframing the discussion as a positive encounter, of course, shouldn't mean that everyone should jump to unreasonable conclusions of 'all beliefs are of equal weight because there is no such thing as truth and perception is reality,' 'people's beliefs should be immune from criticism' or assent to the commonly uttered phrases of "I have the right to my own opinion" or "You should respect my beliefs" as genuine reasons for people to hold beliefs or otherwise, as previously mentioned, be immune from criticism [click the hyperlinks for my thoughts on these topics]. I have 'belief intolerance,' as funny as it sounds (and how very uncontroversial it should be) in the case that truth exists, people can (and are) be wrong about certain matters, and the simple fact that someone holds a belief is justification for holding a belief. I don't, as some diversity proponents unfortunately do -- as I will plainly put -- commit intellectual suicide by sabotaging one of the chief aims of higher education which is leading students to justified true beliefs with an acknowledgment that truth exists.

What then is the moral of this story? The next time you happen to disagree with someone about a matter -- instead of jumping to conclusions and not having a genuine conversation with the intention of learning something or communicating an educational message -- try to ask some questions, not be a hostile person, and assume you know what people believe before you happen to ask. Although it may seem to be a cliche of sorts, I find truth in the phrase 'you never know what you can learn from others or how you can influence others.'

Of course everything can't be fully explained and I didn't consider everything possible in this post so, as always, feel free to comment on this post and please post with the intent to have a genuine discussion and such.  : )

Have diversity initiatives sabotaged higher education?



Diversity initiatives in higher education, with the intent to foster harmony and understanding of others, seemed to have undermined some of the primary goals of higher education: leading students to critically self-reflect and hold justified true beliefs. Some diversity initiatives have reinforced the very harmful idea that disagreement is disrespectful and have also assented to indefensible epistemiological ideas including 'all perspectives are equally valid' and 'people are justified in holding a belief because it is a product of their culture.' Harmony can be had -- and perhaps better so -- as a result of critical discussion that should be encouraged and welcomed instead of discouraged and viewed as disrespectful. 


(This post follows a recent discussion I had with philosopher Peter Boghossian. We have very similar views on this matter! I was aiming to write a post like this for some time, but haven't formulated my ideas in writing...so now is my chance.)

Readers who are familiar with my work should know that I value truth and critical discussion about beliefs. In many blog posts, podcasts, and speeches of mine, I argue for a reframing of the commonly assented to idea that disagreement is disrespectful...and the we just shouldn't disagree with people. Instead of viewing disagreement as something that must be disrespectful and viewing disagreement as something that should be avoided we should view disagreement as an opportunity to learn something, challenge our own beliefs, and perhaps lead others to reconsider their beliefs. We all have blind spots, after all, and could learn something by speaking with people whom we disagree with.

Diversity initiatives, though, from my experience, seem to buy into the 'disagreement is disrespect' meme and have led many to commit intellectual suicide concerning the nature of truth while sabatoging one of the chief goals of higher education - namely that students, when exposed to different ideas, should modify their beliefs and hold only that which is justified and true...all in the sake of some sort of harmony not worth wanting by any in the intellectual realm because many, it seems, don't believe that we can disagree about major issues and maintain harmony.

In my final year of high school -- and even in many of my introductory college courses such as 'first year experience' -- I was told time and time again that college was a time in which students would be exposed to people from all around the world with different worldviews, religious beliefs (or lack thereof), sexual orientations, political ideas, and so much more. Instead of being a member of a 'small town insular community,' college students are exposed to an entire different climate. While in college, the hope, I was told, was for students to consider others' beliefs and self-reflect so as to learn something and better understand the world, other cultures, and so much more. Self-reflection, it seems, should be a byproduct of exposure to new ideas.

All of this, though, while it seemed great at the time, seemed to be only partially true. I was exposed to different ideas and persons, but the self-reflection aspect simply wasn't something that was being promoted. Instead of critical discussion of ideas and self-examinations, faculty and students alike seemed to be brainwashed into accepting indefensible positions such as 'all perspectives are equally valid,' 'everyone is justified in believing what they believe because that is their right,' and 'we should, instead of challenging others, celebrate differences.'

All perspectives, though, as my philosophy classes have taught me, can't be equally valid because we would be lead to accept contradictions and be forced to accept ideas which fly in the face of our moral intuitions and logical reasoning. In my "Ethics and the Good Life" class which probably was one of the most influential classes in my second year of my undergraduate career, I learned that ethical cultural relativism -- the idea that a position is morally justified because a culture assents to it -- is one of the most indefensible ideas in ethics because, for example, cultures can assent to the idea that wife burning is morally acceptable.

"Who are we to argue with that" some will say, "because you aren't from that culture and people decide what's true for them." Unfortunately, this sentiment is all too common - and seemingly embraced by persons in the modern 'diversity movement.' Apparently, because I am not from a certain culture, some will contend, I am not qualified to share my ideas -- and just should not -- and truth just flies right out the window. In the name of not 'criticizing' ideas that are foreign to Americans, we're apparently supposed to tolerate intolerance and just 'leave ideas alone.' What a catastrophe.

My philosophy classes have also taught me that, when evaluating the merit of a belief, it's important to realize that not all opinions or beliefs are equal in weight; many opinions are uninformed, flawed, ill-formed, do not cohere with reality, and are outright fallacious. The simple fact that someone holds a belief does not lead to the belief being warranted. Persons ought to consider objections to their beliefs, whether a belief coheres with reality, whether the assumptions that lead to the belief are warranted, and so much more. While persons may have a legal right to hold a belief (and certainly won't be arrested for thinking about something), a moral right and whether the belief is a justified true belief or not is an entirely different matter. In the name of harmony, perhaps, and 'respect for beliefs,' diversity initiatives and other considerations have undermined higher education and have convinced so many that people are moral monsters to challenge others' beliefs.

Perhaps, as I mentioned, a major motivation people have to object to disagreement is to preserve harmony (as if the only way to do so is for people to sit down and shut up). Can't we just all live together and keep our beliefs to ourselves? Why can't we just live and let live? Why do people like me continue to write and do what I do? Aren't beliefs just private matters? People ask these questions quite frequently. It's quite difficult, I would respond to contend that many or most of our beliefs are solely private matters when it's quite clear that our beliefs inform our actions and have the ability to harm others and ourselves. Persons like me are concerned with what others believe because their beliefs impact others' quality of life. I care about whether or not people hold justified true beliefs when certain matters are of paramount concern.

Refraining from disagreement with others and assenting to the idea that all perspectives are equally valid seems to be quite an easy and attractive way to deal with disagreement, but it's an incredibly intellectually dishonest position and something that higher education should never maintain. What progress is had when people lack self-reflection? If all perspectives are equally valid, what is the point of challenging our own beliefs? Why should we even attend school and be concerned about holding justified true beliefs if this is the case?

Open-mindedness is a term that often gets thrown around by persons in diversity initiatives, but this term is largely misconstrued and quite relevant to this discussion. I am told, after I voice objections to people who hold untenable beliefs (often after they start a discussion with me and reveal that they haven't critically examined their own ideas and/or understand very little about epistemology and admit that they aren't concerned with truth), that I am closed-minded and that I should "accept others." Excuse me? Since when is asking questions about someone's belief a horrible thing [in the realm of higher education]? Do not teachers do this in almost every class and encourage students to self-reflect? True open-mindedness is a willingness to admit that you can be wrong about something and a willingness to change any and all ideas provided new evidence, reason, and argument comes in...and this 'being wrong' isn't a bad thing; admitting one is mistaken about something is a sign of progress and intellectual courage - and this is really something to respect and admire.

One thing that leaders of diversity initiatives and I can agree on is that it it more important that we live together than we all agree. Diversity initiatives, though, seem to take a drastically different approach to this matter and work from many flawed ideas about epistemology and a harmony 'worth wanting.' It is quite possible to be respectful toward persons while having a conversation about important and often contentious matters. A primary problem, though, is that people view 'attacks on ideas' as 'attacks on persons' even when said 'attacking' is done in a very civil and calm manner with regard to the person who holds the belief. Perhaps diversity initiatives should change the focus and maintain that critical disagreement is something that we should strive for and work on becoming better at. If we can 'step back' from our beliefs and understand others' perspectives, it seems that society will be a better place and that a true harmony can be had in which people -- instead of viewing disagreement as disrespect -- can have the intellectual courage to understand others instead of demonizing them...and an 'everyone is right and no one should disagree' attitude isn't going to get us there. This is not the goal of higher education and should not be the goal of diversity initiatives.

Leaders of diversity initiatives, instead of maintaining that all perspectives people hold are equally valid and that we just shouldn't assert that people are mistaken (or otherwise engage in critical discussion), should start to focus on how to respectfully disagree and prioritize justified true beliefs. We can 'bring our differences to the table' and consider meetings between differing individuals to be great opportunities for challenging our own beliefs and the beliefs of others rather than missing this great opportunity and hopelessly and dishonestly maintaining that all perspectives are equally valid and disagreement is just disrespectful. Critical discussion should bring about more understanding than does sitting back at a table and refraining from asking questions. If this is not the case -- and diversity programs continue to convince others that all perspectives are equally valid and discourage critical discussion -- it seems that diversity programs have sabotaged the aim of higher education and they are harming us more than they are helping us.

For more thoughts of mine, both in writing and through podcasting, on this matter, please utilize the following links:

Blog posts:
"Disagreement, not disrespecting: Attacking beliefs, not persons"
"A response to those who claim offense"
"Belief Intolerance"
"On being wrong, intellectual honesty, and acquiring belief"
"Truth relativism and liberal religion"

"Think for yourself already: A discussion I had with Muslims"
(During an inter-faith/diversity event I attended while in undergraduate career, students objected to me asking a Muslim man -- after he had asked for any question from the audience -- whether he believed that it is justifiable for non-Muslims to burn in Hell for eternity soon after the Muslim man had practically preached about how non-Muslims would burn in Hell for eternity. Some students thought I was the disrespectful one and was in the wrong to ask that question...)

Podcasts:
"Respecting Beliefs"
"Discussion on religious faith"

As always, please feel free to share this content, offer your own ideas, and give me some feedback.

A response to those who claim offense

(A fitting poster for this post...)


It's often the case that people are quick to respond to content or people they happen to disagree with with a 'sit down and shut up' mentality in which they believe that certain ideas just shouldn't be discussed. Is this an appropriate attitude to have? In a pluralistic society, I argue, claiming offense and objecting to content -- simply because you happen not to like it -- is unacceptable and immature.


Throughout my 'career' as a 'professional atheist' [a label, expressed with derision, that WILK Newsradio host Steve Corbett used to dismissively refer to me on a recent episode of his radio show] many people -- no matter how mild my tone is or how much I write that persons should not interpret disagreement as disrespect -- claim that my work is offensive. Some people even go so far as to assert that I should cease publishing content, criticizing religious ideas, and simply just 'sit down and shut up.' I've posted several responses to these concerns in the past, but wish to, in this post, hopefully put this issue of offense and objections to my work to rest.

Possible motivations and problems

I believe that many assertions of offense and general objections to my work are hasty responses that are the result of an emotional reaction and a belief that cherished ideas should not be dissected. In a world with so much disagreement and sequestering of ourselves -- despite, ironically enough, the openness of the internet and the increased exposure people can have to different ideas -- perhaps some believe that we should just 'live and let live' and mainly communicate with those who are like-minded. Not enough exposure, perhaps, might be a reason that people have such a difficult time dealing with ideas foreign to them.

Perhaps a hellish mix of misplaced or misunderstood aims of diversity and truth relativism (the notion that truth is relative from individual to individual and/or that there is no such thing as objective truth) has unfortunately led people to believe that everyone can be right about any issue, all beliefs are ultimately one's opinion, and that it's simply just rude to disagree with anyone. Ironically, some efforts to 'draw people together' and find common ground seem to be responsible for causing much harm and intellectual suicide. In the name of what some consider to be tolerance and diversity, some have blissfully placed their brains in blenders and have not achieved a degree of tolerance worth wanting.

Additionally, the ever-returning and often mentioned [in this blog, at least] 'right to opinion' might also be a culprit serving as a barrier to honest discussion...

Cognitive dissonance, the sensation/experience felt when one happens to seemingly hold contradictory beliefs or becomes exposed to information which runs counter to their beliefs, can be difficult to deal with. It seems quite easy to 'throw up the smokescreens' and become defensive when our beliefs challenged and it seems quite difficult to overcome the easy response and, instead of becoming defensive, 'step back' from our ideas and even do so much as to consider another point of view. Perhaps cognitive dissonance is responsible for the attitude of deflection of criticisms?

The general responses of "you shouldn't talk about that" or "you should just leave these ideas alone" that often seem to come from those who object with offense to certain content are often quite short and without explanation or argument (and hopefully I'm not a victim of confirmation bias here). When these comments are made, I typically ask for persons to explain their reasoning and elaborate, but they fail to do so. If persons respond -- after I defend myself, expand on my ideas, and further clarify my reasoning pertaining to the issue at hand -- original objectors continue to, instead of responding to the content, object to a discussion about certain matters even taking place (while the discussion is taking place).

This 'methodology' is not a sign -- it seems -- of an honest discussion in which the objecting party is looking for a conversation; this seems to be characteristic of a hit-and-run tactic paired with an insufficient concern for truth and intellectual laziness. One would expect that people who were willing enough to object to my work would be willing to have an honest discussion if they were willing enough to post and were genuinely offended [perhaps seeking to squelch the content], but this unfortunately isn't the case. Perhaps I am giving people too much credit.

Some philosophy might save us...

In his book "The View From Nowhere," philosopher Thomas Nagel explains how difficult it can be to critically self-reflect and how impossible it might be to 'separate ourselves' from our beliefs. A state of total objectivity -- it appears -- is something we just can't reach as human beings, but we can try our best to work toward objectivity - and with good reason. Self-reflection and a willingness to modify our beliefs -- provided good reason, argument, and evidence are presented that justifies a cognitive shift -- is essential to being an intellectually-minded individual and perhaps even a productive mature functioning member of society.

What good would life be if we never amended our beliefs or realized our errs? We all make mistakes or might happen to hold incorrect ideas for whatever reasons (often no fault of our own) and that's nothing to be ashamed of. What should be considered shameful, though, is an unwillingness to amend our beliefs and a closed-minded attitude. Realizing that our beliefs were inaccurate and considering a new perspective shouldn't be something that we avoid, but rather should be something we embrace. I call this progress, openness, and a concern for truth.

In a 'marketplace of ideas' and a pluralistic society that is not filled with 'yes men' or 'yes woman,' some people will feel offended or provoked by certain content because people regard their beliefs as important self-identifying characteristics and view 'threats' to their beliefs as character attacks. Someone is bound to claim offense when issues such as worldviews and religions are being scrutinized. Before claiming offense, though, or acting in an immature fashion -- especially when content with quite a mild tone is being considered -- people ought to realize that disagreement is inevitable. Just about anyone can claim to be offended by just about anything, so the questions that should be considered are "Is it reasonable for me to claim offense?" and "What should the response be to content I consider offensive?" before people jump to unreasonable conclusions and make unreasonable demands for others to cease expressing their ideas.

One person's 'offensive content' is the next person's 'telling it like it is' that is, as some may see it, quite uncontroversial. With a sea of differing value judgments and barometers as to what is appropriate and inappropriate, it seems futile to protest to anything and everything out there. While there may be no objective standard for what can be considered offensive (mainly, perhaps, because this is an issue of personal taste and there is no quick-and-dirty way to distinguish 'offensive' from 'not offensive'), we shouldn't despair. The proper reaction to what one considers to be offensive, then, considering mentioned issues, is a mature attitude in which one realizes that people will happen to disagree - and disagreement shouldn't force or otherwise demand people to cease from publishing 'any old content.'

Offense isn't the goal, but progress should be

It's difficult for me to identify a single or primary motivation -- if one even exists -- pertaining to why I do what I do, but I can say that I don't write with an intention to offend people, provoke, or make people upset. Writing -- what seems to be my main focus as far as my involvement in the secular community is concerned -- can serve many different purposes such as highlighting bigotry, inspiring people to work toward change, and helping people to understand where certain people are 'coming from' outside of the quick soundbytes and short tweets (although these can be helpful). I like to author longer posts, although they may not be read by as many people if the posts happened to be shorter, in order to allow people to understand my reasoning and further the conversation.

Self-reflection and exposure to new ideas can be a learning experience, a catalyst toward progress, an 'opening door' to new opportunities, a chance to defend one's beliefs and respond to thoughtful objections, and so much more. Instead of claiming offense and avoiding discussion with people, engaging oneself can be quite fulfilling and productive even thought it may seem uncomfortable. If all else fails and engaging with new ideas is too much to handle -- or persons simply just don't want to engage with ideas -- persons can simply 'take the high road' instead of objecting to ideas being voiced with a substantive response.

It seems to be more important that people -- if we were forced with one option over another -- live together than agree on everything. Disagreement is inevitable, so we ought to be able to respond to people and ideas we might happen to disagree with in an intellectually mature and honest manner. Living together, while it may seem very difficult, seems to be much more possible than a successful effort for humans to agree on all issues. Having honest discussions and interacting with people whom we might happen to disagree with seems to allow for our own intellectual progress and understanding of other people. Instead of glibly claiming offense and asserting that others should 'sit down and shut up,' let's assume a mature attitude and be realistic.



As always, comments are welcome. Sharing this post on Twitter, Facebook, Google Plus, and wherever else (click below to share!) is also appreciated.

If you're interested in my thoughts (and the thoughts of Rodney Collins) on another related and often overlapping matter, 'respecting beliefs,' please listen to Episode 9 of the NEPA Freethought Society Podcast titled, as you might have guessed, "Respecting Beliefs" in audio and/or video formats.

New video episodes of NEPA Freethought Society Podcast available!

Returning from a hiatus, the NEPA Freethought Society is providing new and old viewers alike with THREE new episodes! Watch below:

'Respecting beliefs' (and right to opinion and taking offense)
Watch live streaming video from nepafreethought at livestream.com


'Religion and the workplace' discussion with Karla Porter
Watch live streaming video from nepafreethought at livestream.com


Interview with melodic death metal band Ethereal Collapse
Watch live streaming video from nepafreethought at livestream.com


PowerPoint: "Perception is Reality: A skeptical viewpoint"



You might have heard or perhaps endorsed (!) some ideas regarding the nature of truth. Perhaps you believe that all truth is relative, individuals create their own realities, or what people believe is 'true for them.' The phrase 'perception is reality' is often mentioned by many, but there's often -- as far as I've experienced in casual conversations with the 'philosophically unwashed' or perhaps people who aren't thinking very critically -- a large misunderstanding surrounding this phrase that seems to lead people to accept conclusions about the nature of truth this is, unfortunately, profoundly unreasonable.

I created a PowerPoint for one of my graduate level Psychology courses dealing with, as you may guess, course material. The phrase 'perception is reality' has been thrown around quite casually, but there hasn't been much discussion about what some basic philosophy would have to contribute in order to inform.

I argue for a reasonable view of 'perception is reality' and argue against the most unreasonable understandings of 'perception is reality in this presentation. I don't use 'heavy terminology' or 'dig too deep' into some philosophical concerns and unfortunately only have ten minutes to deliver this presentation, but this should be just fine for a lay audience (especially a class in which people likely have little understanding of epistemology, logic, and philosophy in general). This could easily be a lengthy presentation and be more specialized for an audience with more understanding of philosophy. (I didn't even touch ideas of ethics of belief, go deep into induction and the laws of logic, threats to the law of the excluded middle and bivalance, or discuss -- in length -- the reasons why people happen to endorse truth relativism...)

For a longer take on this issue, please read my Philosophy Capstone paper titled "A Defense of Reason." Enjoy the PowerPoint and please feel free to comment.

Download/view the PowerPoint here.



...and for those who think that this is an 'atheistic' viewpoint for whatever reason, here's a discussion with Christian philosopher William Lane Craig raising criticisms against 'perception is reality' in the sense that all truth is subjective and individuals create their own realities or otherwise constitute reality simply because they hold beliefs. [I obviously disagree with William Lane Craig on the idea of a properly basic belief and some other things in this podcast, but that's a story for another day...]

Friend of deceased man disputes story of emails sent from 'beyond the grave'

I published a new article for Examiner.com titled "Friend of deceased man disputes story of emails sent from 'beyond the grave.'" Read this article and more on my Examiner.com page and please subscribe for instant notifications of new content!

Chiropractic Subluxations at Marywood's Wellness Fair




As many of my readers know, I am not a person to shy away from controversy nor am I a person who will 'back down' or fail to share my take on a matter. In 2011, I had addressed claims made by a local chiropractor -- Dan Golaszewski -- and interviewed Dr. Steve Novella of Yale University to receive a professional expert opinion on Golaszewski's claims. Because of this, I started receiving legal threats from Golaszewski's fiancee' for simply blogging about Golaszewski. Thinking that controversy regarding chiropractors was over, a new issue had come to my attention. I had discovered that the school I am attending invited a chiropractor who endorses the idea of subluxations to a campus health fair.

Earlier this week, I authored
a letter that was sent to the person at Marywood University who was the listed contact for the "Celebrate Your Body Wellness Fair" in which I expressed my disappointment regarding Marywood University inviting a chiropractor, Glenn Czulada, who endorses the idea of vertebral subluxations. Interestingly enough, persons endorsing ideas of acupuncture and "energy medicine" were invited to a 2011 campus health fair. I attended the health fair and found some interesting claims in the literature at the chiropractor's table that is also available, although in a slightly different format, online (and linked for your convenience).

One of the pamphlets distributed by Czulada, "Fibromyalgia," reads,

The role of your doctor of chiropractic is to free you from a severe form of stress found in your spine: vertebral subluxations (VS). VS are distortions of your spine and body structure that stress your brain, spinal cord, nerves, joints, ligaments, muscles, internal organs and other tissues. Subluxations cause disturbed body function, loss of wholeness, lowered resistance to disease, lack of energy, loss of height and premature aging. [...] Over a hundred years of clinical observations have revealed that vertebral subluxations can affect your physical and mental health.
The main problem with this is quite simple: there is no good reason to believe that vertebral subluxations exist. A conclusion for the study, linked on Sciencebasedmedicine.org, reads,

No supportive evidence is found for the chiropractic subluxation being associated with any disease process or of creating suboptimal health conditions requiring intervention. Regardless of popular appeal this leaves the subluxation construct in the realm of unsupported speculation. This lack of supportive evidence suggests the subluxation construct had no valid clinical applicability.
I wonder where these "over a hundred years of clinical observations" are...especially considering a quite recent study utterly dismisses the concept of subluxations and no evidence suggests that the concept of subluxation is tenable. Chiropractic, anyway, has only been around for one hundred years and started from a supposed spiritual revelation of sorts, not scientific studies based on a "spirit and body" dualism that is quite untenable (and very unscientific). Check out Guide to Healthcare Schools for a list of fact-based health career options.

The "Fibromyalgia" pamphlet continues,

Your body's natural healing ability had been documented to heal nearly any disease or condition. When your body is free from subluxations, your self-healing ability, your "inner healer," is better able to deal with all your health problems, including fibromyalgia." [emphasis mine]
What, exactly, is "the body's natural healing ability" and the "inner healer?" The claims of the "inner healer/body's natural healing ability" are quite high-reaching. Nearly any disease or condition? All your health problems?

Another of the pamphlets, "Accidents and Injuries," states,

It must be emphasized that chiropractic is not against necessary medical care. In emergencies, all must be done to save life and limb. But after the medical doctors have done their work there is a pause. [...] In that pause the real healing occurs. True healing is not done by doctors, stitches, gauze, drugs, and injections -- it is performed by the wisdom of our miraculous bodies. It is as miraculous and mysterious as the miracle of birth where life is created and recreated.
I wonder, then, why persons would have to see a chiropractor if "true healing" "is performed by the wisdom of our miraculous bodies." The pamphlet tries to explain,

It is the goal of all doctors to remove that which interferes with the normal expression of life and to create an environment that nurtures healing. That is why, when it is safe to do so, the body should receive the chiropractic care that it desperately needs.
It seems that the literature Czulada had distributed is trying to have it both ways...or perhaps otherwise invent an imaginary problem (the subluxation) and then give people the cure, of course, a la chiropractic.

The pamphlet continues,

Other post-accident problems, undoubtedly caused by subluxations, include asthma, bed-wetting, vomiting, loss of energy, incontinence, urinary tract infections, vision problems, blindness and even hyperactivity in children. All have been reported after traumatic events and have completely corrected following chiropractic care.
Persons should consider the popular phrase attributed to Carl Sagan, "Extraordinary claims require extraordinary evidence," because these claims are quite extraordinary. Considering, also, the heuristic of Occam's Razor which generally states that, all things being equal, the explanation with the least amount of entities should be the preferred one or, otherwise, that one need not multiply entities beyond necessity. If, for sake of argument, all of the mentioned problems were the results of post-accident problems, why believe that the subluxation "undoubtedly" causes these problems?

Perhaps the final refuge for the chiropractor may lie within the argument from ignorance; since there is no explanation for these symptoms after accidents, subluxations may be responsible. This, though, is quite a fallacious leap in logic. Just because something can't be explained does not lead one to be justified in positing a responsible entity for it - especially when we don't have evidence for the subluxations in the first place.



When I had questioned Czulada about some of the claims made in the pamphlets, he surprisingly said that he hardly uses the term subluxation. Additionally, he surprisingly noted that there is no evidence for subluxations...but went on to maintain that pain is subjective.

While persons may interpret pain differently and even if pain is, for the sake of argument, subjective, this doesn't 'save' the idea of subluxations. I can maintain that there is no evidence for psychic healing, for example, and says that this phenomenon is subjective, but this doesn't mean that my idea of psychic healing is warranted.

Czulada, although he might not use the word "subluxation" on his website, distributed literature using the term and describes what seems to be the same thing on his website,

"Spinal nerve interference can cause a variety of conditions that may be helped through Chiropractic. When our spines are misaligned and vital life energy is shut off by nerve impingment [sic], our bodies will sound an alarm."
Isn't using the phrase "spinal nerve interference" and noting that this "can cause a variety of rewards" very similar to mentioning a subluxation and describing a subluxation?

At one point in the discussion, Czulada maintained that chiropractic must have efficacy because people keep coming back to his office and report feeling better after appointments, but this is no good reason to believe that chiropractic has efficacy. All sorts of people, regardless of what the 'treatment' might be, report feeling better after sessions. Consider, for example, faith healers. Faith healers contend that they have divine powers bestowed by gods and that they can cure all sorts of illnesses by touching, for instance, foreheads. Since people who go to 'revivals' report feeling better, must we believe that faith healing has efficacy?

One challenge for claims of chiropractors relating to sublaxations -- and perhaps any practitioner who claims to heal people -- is to separate the efficacy of treatment from the placebo effect. If this can't be done -- or otherwise that persons can't demonstrate that a treatment is better than placebo -- the treatment appears to be utterly worthless and those who would 'prescribe placebo' appear to be profoundly unethical.

It is also interesting that Czulada works with someone who endorses "non-needle acupuncture," but that's a post for another day...

Hopefully, in the future, administrators at Marywood University or persons who are responsible for organizing health fairs will better consider who they are letting into health fairs and what kinds of information they want students to receive. Health fairs, on my estimation, should be about providing accurate science-based information to improve the health of students rather than permitting whomever and whatever for whatever reason.

Recorded Video - Debate: Does the Christian god exist? Rev. Marcelle Dotson vs. Justin Vacula


I debated Rev. Marcelle Dotson of Field of Grace United Methodist Church in Wilkes-Barre on the topic of "Does the Christian god exist?" on December 19, 2011.

The debate was recorded live from "Jason International Studios" in Mountain Top, PA.

The debate is now available as a recorded version for your viewing pleasure. A audio-only podcast will also be available in the near future.



Feel free to comment below, send me e-mail, etc. I'd love to hear from you.

Rev. Dotson's e-mail is mdotson@susumc.org


----

Justin Vacula -- co-organizer, spokesperson, and board member of the NEPA Freethought Society -- graduated from King's College with degrees in Philosophy and Psychology, a distinguished award in Philosophy, and a minor in Professional Writing. He regularly publishes articles for Examiner.com as the 'Scranton Atheism Examiner,' writes for American Atheists' "No God Blog," and publishes posts about “atheism, theism, philosophy, and much more” on his blog at www.justinvacula.com. The NEPA Freethought Society's website can be found at www.nepafreethought.org.

Rev. Marcelle Dotson, pastor of Field of Grace Community of Faith United Methodist Church holds a Bachelor of Arts degree in Psychology from Smith College, a Master's of Divinity degree in Theology from Drew University, and a Master of Business Administration from Simmons School of Management. She served as an associate pastor in Manchester and had served the United Methodist Church in Maine. She came to Wilkes-Barre in 2009 to start Field of Grace. United Methodist Church. The website for her church can be found at www.fieldofgraceumc.org.

Skeptic blogger responds to chiropractor's threats to sue (podcast)


I was recently interviewed by Kenny Luck from The Luck Report to discuss the recent controversy surrounding the legal threats I received from a chiropractor's finacee' because of my blogging.

Listen here.

From Kenny Luck's podcast description:

First it’s slander, but really, if it’s written, it’s libel. But when there is nothing libelous about a post, then it's harassment. This is the string of legal reasoning chiropractor Dr. Dan Golaszewski’s fiancĂ©e, who for some reason is acting as his PR representative, exhibited toward a blogger who criticized chiropractic.